CHAPTER 22

CHAPTER 26

POST WAR WEST

CHAPTER 23

CHAPTER 27

  

CHAPTER 24

CHAPTER 28

  

CHAPTER 25

CHAPTER 29

  

 

22- The Revolution In Energy And Industry
bullet It's been said that the two most important events in World History are 1) the Neolithic Revolution (app. 8000BCE) and 2) the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. That being said, I'm not a big "fan" of teaching the Industrial Revolution. I enjoy the class development and social ramifications, but have throughout my career drawn a blank on how to make the steam engine "interesting" (yeah...like I make anything interesting).
bullet This unit, The Dual Revolution, is essentially about how these industrial and economic changes impact and relate to the political revolutions we see towards mid-century; so we spend more time on how the IR affects people, and less on how many miles of railroad track are laid. Be on the lookout for these types of issues.
bullet Here's an example: the economic growth and changes create almost immediate conflicts between capital and labor (remember these two parties from the paper cups class?). New definitions for the "haves" and the "have nots".
bullet For those of you interested, I also have some information that indicates that the Industrial Revolution is not as big a deal as we have come to think it is.

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?
Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Thomas Malthus
David Ricardo
Luddites

 

Friedrick Engels
Robert Owen
Factory Act of 1833
Mines Act of 1842
Combination Acts
bullet Why was Britain the first nation to industrialize?
bullet What were some common "agents" of industrialization and what impact did they have?
bullet How did the Industrial Revolution affect the lower classes? What changes to family were a result? On women and the division of labor?
bullet What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on political and economic thought? Why was economics referred to as the "grim science"?

 

23- Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815-1850
bullet This really is the "dual" part of the Dual Revolution. The first thing one should notice is that the economic changes due to the Industrial Revolution have fragmented political ideologies. Liberalism seems only applicable to the well off.
bullet Politically speaking, watch the "status quo" line move to the left. Liberalism is no longer such a progressive force for change. In fact, economically speaking, it grows very moderately conservative. This leaves a gap for the left, to be filled by Socialism, Democracy, and later, Marxism.
bullet The conservative power brokers of Vienna are able to maintain their hold on things for a good fifteen years after the Vienna Congress, but starting in 1830, the wheels start to come off. The slow trickle in the 1830's, becomes a total deluge of political rebellion in 1848.
bullet During the revolution in Vienna in 1848, Klemens von Metternich is forced to flee the city, in disguise. There is not better symbol to the end of an era than that one. And yet, the Revolutions of 1848 appear to be a disappointment to many involved. Everywhere one looks, the old guard powers are still in place, at least in form. New leaders in France, Austria, and Russia, will pick up the reigns. Will things be any different?

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?

Klemens von Metternich
Louis XVIII
Holy Alliance
Carlsbad Decrees

Nationalism
French Utopian Socialism
Louis Blanc
Karl Marx
Romanticism


 

 

Greek Revolt
Alexander Ypsilanti
Corn Laws
Reform Bill of 1832
People’s Charter
Ten Hours Act of 1847
Charles X
Revolution of 1830 (July Revolution)
Louis Philippe

Revolutions of 1848
National Workshops
June Days
Louis Napoleon
Francis Joseph
Frederick William IV
Frankfurt Assembly
bullet How did Klemens von Metternich represent the “conservative” attitudes of the European powers?
bullet What were the basic principles of nationalism in the 19th century? Why might nationalism mean different things to different regions?
bullet What was Marx’s view of history? How did his philosophy differ from earlier socialist thought?
bullet What were the romantics rebelling against? How did romantic art, literature and music represent a radical departure from the past?
bullet What were the causes and outcome of the Greek revolt of 1821-1832?
bullet What type of liberal reforms were made in Great Britain in the first half of the 19th century?
bullet For what reason(s) did revolution break out in France in 1830? What was the result?
bullet What were the goals of the Frankfurt Assembly? How successful were they in achieving these goals?
bullet How is it that England and Russia were the only two nations to escape the revolutionary ferment of 1848?

 

25- The Age Of Nationalism, 1850-1914
bullet What are the vast majority of Europeans to do after the disappointment of the Revolutions of 1848? Though one of the ideologies introduced in the last chapter, Nationalism will prove itself (along with Marxism) as the dominant ideology of the latter 19th century. It will prove itself a potent force and very versatile.
bullet If Klemens von Metternich dictated much of the agenda for the first half of the century, Otto von Bismarck dictated the agenda for much of the second half. He was able to achieve in three or four years what others had failed at for close to two centuries; the unification of Germany.
bullet It will be easy to see nationalism manifested in unifying processes in Italy and Germany, but pay attention to how it is employed by leaders of nations that already exist. Unification is not only for new born nations.
bullet The Age of Nationalism will also introduce us to our fourth form of centralized leadership, people we will refer to as Authoritarian Nationalists, strong executives able to harness the energies of national patriotism and, at times, nativism.

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?

Napoleon III
Authoritarian Nationalism
Second Republic

Crimean War
Giuseppe Mazzini
Victor Emmanuel
Syllabus of Errors
Camillo di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Otto von Bismarck
realpolitik
Austro-Prussian War
North German Confederation
Franco-Prussian War
 


 

 

Alexander II
Great Reforms
Sergei Witte
Revolution of 1905
Nicholas II
October Manifesto
Duma

Responsive Nationalism
Kulturkampf
William II
Reichstag
Third Republic
Paris Commune
Alfred Dreyfus
Third Reform Bill of 1884
People's Budget
David Lloyd George
Home Rule Bill
Dual Monarchy

Socialist International
Revisionism
Edward Bernstein
bullet How would you characterize the rule of Napoleon III? How did he come to power, and why?
bullet Describe the features of Authoritarian Nationalism. How does it differ from prior forms of centralized leadership?
bullet Compare and contrast the unifying efforts pursued in Italy and Germany. In what ways did one aid the other?
bullet How was it that Bismarck was able to "tame" the parliament in North Germany and establish the framework for a powerful executive in the German Emperor?
bullet If Bismarck was so powerful, effective, and significant, why did William II fire him in 1891?
bullet What modernization efforts were taken in Russia by Alexander II?
bullet Describe the economic modernization program of Sergei Witte.
bullet What is meant by the term responsive nationalism and how can you see it's application in Germany, France, and Great Britain between 1860-1914. Can you explain the reason for this sudden "responsiveness"?
bullet Which of Europe's "old guard" superpowers seemed to suffer the most during the Age of Nationalism? Why?
bullet Why were many calling for a "revision" of Marxist thought by the turn of the century? Were Marxists in agreement about this?

 

26- The West And The World
bullet One of the most important features in this unit is the relationship between nationalism and imperialism. There is a vitality, palpable energy, and more than a little touch of arrogance, that drives Europeans towards a new age of expansion.
bullet As in previous periods, the primary motivation will be economic. But the Industrial Revolution created a more intense, competitive atmosphere, thus prompting the west to pursue global markets and protected empires. It is the economic conditions that most substantially inform what we will call "New" Imperialism.
bullet Aside from the export of capital and technology, Europe will also export its culture. One might argue that this is the embryonic stage of a "globalization" we'll see in the next century. Though well intentioned at times, the final verdict of European imperialism in this century will be a condemnation of arrogance, manipulation and exploitation. Reaction to developments will have a major impact on the 20th century, even the 21st century.

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?

New Imperialism
Qing Dynasty
Opium Wars
Treaty of Nanking
Matthew Perry
Muhammad Ali
Suez Canal

scramble for Africa
Leopold II
Berlin Conference
sphere of influence
Fashoda Crisis

Great Rebellion
Indian National Congress
Meiji Restoration
Russo-Japanese War
open door policy
White Man's Burden

bullet What made "new" imperialism new? How did it differ from previous forms of European expansion?
bullet What new economic conditions promoted European overseas empire building?
bullet For what reason(s) were the Opium Wars fought, and what was the impact of them on both Europe and China?
bullet What common methods were used by Europeans to gain influence in Asia and Africa?
bullet What was decided at the Berlin Conference of 1884?
bullet Why did Europe see itself as having a "civilizing mission" to undertake in the late 19th century? How do you assess the validity of these motives?
bullet How did Japan distinguish itself from other regions facing the European "threat"? Can you think of any other regions that might be acting as Japan did, if more subtly?

 

27- The Great Break; War and Revolution
bullet This is where so much of what we've covered during the second semester starts to change. It really is a "break".
bullet I have made the argument that World War I is the single most destructive event in World History. I make this argument mostly for fun and to be provocative, but keep track of how seriously the "old order" and European hegemony is dismantled as a result of the war.
bullet Part of the aforementioned reasoning relies on a somewhat unconventional principle; that World War and World War II are not separate events, but constitute one significant conflict. What one historian has labeled the "Second Thirty Years' War" (1914-1944)
bullet Much of the 20th century's character is derived from the events covered in Chapter 27. Both the war and the Russian Revolution will have long term effects, those who live during the rest of the century will have to deal with, for better or for worse.

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?

Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Moroccan Crisis
Reinsurance Treaty
First Balkan War
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Black Hand
pan-slavism
Austrian Ultimatum
"blank check"

First Battle of the Marne
total war
Lusitania
Woodrow Wilson

Nicholas II
Grigori Rasputin
Alexandra
March Revolution
Alexander Kerensky
Petrograd Soviet
Vladimir Lenin
Bolsheviks
November Revolution
Leon Trotsky
war communism

Treaty of Versailles
Georges Clemenceau
David Lloyd George
war guilt clause
Fourteen Points
League of Nations
Balfour Declaration
 
bullet What were the long term, 19th century, origins of World War I? In what ways had Otto von Bismarck attempted to avoid the very situation that the European nations found themselves in at the turn of the century?
bullet How was European diplomatic polarity formed by 1914?
bullet What is pan-slavism, and how could it be considered a precipitant for the Balkan Wars in 1911 and 1912?
bullet Who would you blame for the outbreak of World War I? You can only blame one nation.
bullet What is meant by the term total war? How was this style of mobilization different than earlier warfare forms?
bullet How was the Russian Revolution of 1917 really two different revolutions?
bullet What features of Marxist thought did Lenin augment in the development of Marxist-Leninist ideology?
bullet What impact did the Russian Revolution have on the process of World War I?
bullet What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? How would you assess the agreement or judge its effectiveness?

 

28-The Age of Anxiety
bullet One of those chapters you only read portions of, mostly about the political issues and tensions that continue to plague the European powers.
bullet I don't mean to be overly critical of the Versailles diplomats, but you may notice that the treaty they came up with really didn't offer enduring solutions to the conflicts that wracked Europe between 1914 and 1918.
bullet The 1920's is a very conflicted decade. Things start off horribly, then get better, then end horribly...you get the idea. Europe has lost faith in it's own civilization, and especially lost faith in its supremacy, probably rightfully so. This impacts culture, thought, and political relationships.
bullet There's an idea that World War I and World War II need not be seen as two separate conflicts; instead they can be examined as one long conflict, The Second Thirty Years War as one historian has called it. In that light, the 1920's and 1930's don't represent the time period between conflicts, only a temporary armistice.

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?

existentialism
Dadaism
Surrealism
Charlie Chaplin

John Maynard Keynes
Ruhr Crisis
Locarno Pact
Dawes Plan
Weimar Republic
Kellog-Briand Pact

Great Depression
underconsumption
counter-cyclical measures
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
The New Deal

 
bullet How did Europe's artistic and cultural community react to the experience of World War I? How was this reaction reflected in the art of the 1920's.
bullet What did John Maynard Keynes argue in Economic Consequences of the Peace? Was he right?
bullet Why was the French occupation of the Ruhr valley a "crisis"?
bullet How did the Locarno Pact and the Dawes Plan work together to provide a somewhat brighter European disposition in the late 1920's?
bullet What was the underpinning cause of the Great Depression and what was done to eventually address the crisis?

 

29-Dictatorships And The Second World War
bullet I told you we weren't done with crisis and conflict, anxiety and apprehension...here we go again.
bullet Given the diplomatic tensions of the 1920's and the economic crisis of the 1930's, the liberal democracies of western Europe had demonstrated themselves to be pretty incompetent, in several regards, to deal with problems. This alone might be why we start to see the emergence of some radical "alternative" ideologies.
bullet Fascism and totalitarianism (NOT the same thing!) are, at the base level, unprecedented developments in western thought, fundamentally different from their predecessors in any regard.
bullet Anxiety, vengeance, and hyper nationalism will all contribute to belligerent, confrontational, and aggressive ideologies. Hitler and Mussolini will pursue political agendas that draw the world back into war after 1939.
bullet Pay attention to the reaction of European diplomats to the actions of Hitler and Mussolini. It is easy, in retrospect, to point out where mistakes were made, but why are they reactions understandable, or even warranted.

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?

totalitarianism
fascism
Joseph Stalin
Five Year Plans
"socialism in one country"
collectivization
Great Purges
Moscow Trials

Benito Mussolini
Black Shirts
Victor Emmanuel III
March On Rome
Lateran Agreement
 

Adolph Hitler
Nazism
Mein Kampf
Enabling Act
Heinrich Himmler
Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht

appeasement
Rome-Berlin Axis
Spanish Civil War
Anschluss
Munich Agreement
Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact

blitzkrieg
Vichy France
Winston Churchill
Battle of Britain
Pearl Harbor
Holocaust
Battle of Stalingrad
Normandy Invasion
bullet How does totalitarianism differ from the other forms of centralized leadership we've covered this year?
bullet What were the basic principles of fascism?
bullet What totalitarian methods did Joseph Stalin use to bring the USSR up to speed with the rest of Europe?
bullet How well did Benito Mussolini complete the model for the modern totalitarian state?
bullet Why did the western powers appear to be unwilling, or unable, to resist Hitler's expansionist behavior? Why did the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact come as such a worrisome surprise to them?
bullet How did the patterns and trends of the initial years of World War II differ from their World War I counterparts? What do you think turned the tide?
bullet How were the Allies eventually able to defeat the Axis powers and win World War II?

 

Post War West (Chapters 30,31)
bullet The last segment of material we'll cover will deal with the West (America and Europe) from 1945-1991. These dates correspond to the dates commonly used for the Cold War, and there is very little that goes on in this time period that can't be associated, in some way, to Cold War structures, policies, and ideologies.
bullet The Cold War had it's roots in World War II (maybe even before that) and it emerges just as the Allied powers are putting the finishing touches on the new Europe created from that conflict. The superpower structure that emerged after World War II is ironic, for it relied upon two nations (the U.S. and Russia) with firm traditions of staying out of European affairs for the most part.
bullet Aside from western concerns, the Cold War period touched all parts of the globe. World historians employ the term "globalization" as a label for the increasing political and economic interdependency of world regions. The decolonization process one sees after 1945 is firmly rooted in the experiences of the World Wars and in the Cold War.
bullet The Cold War did, in an odd way, enforce some stability and security on the world. One of the crucial historical issues of the moment concerns what happened to that security when the Cold War ended. Did the world become a safer place, or a more dangerous place?

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Important Terms: Can You Answer These Questions?

Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
NATO
Warsaw Pact

welfare state
Common Market
Decolonization
European Union

Nikita Khrushchev
Cuban Missile Crisis
Leonid Brezhnev
Alexander Dubcek
Brezhnev Doctrine
 

Détente
Mikhail Gorbachev
Solidarity
Democratization
Revolutions of 1989
Boris Yeltsin
Commonwealth of Independent States
bullet What issues discussed at the Yalta Conference may have established the geographic constructs for the Cold War?
bullet What was the policy of "containment" and in what ways was it applied?
bullet Upon what conflicts was the Cold War based? How did western polarity form from 1947-1950?
bullet In what ways did the European nations revive their economies after 1945? What might have been the key to success in this regard?
bullet What mechanisms did the Soviet Union employ to enforce its leadership over its Eastern European "satellite" nations?
bullet How did cycles of "de-Stalinization" and "re-Stalinization" manifest themselves between 1953-1970?
bullet What were the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev, and how did they unwittingly bring about the environment for the Revolutions of '89?