World Cultures                                                                                                                                         D Block KEY

 

Review Outline – “Muhamad and the Emergence of Islam” – Middle East, Chap. 4

 

1.    THE FOUNDING OF ISLAM (Summary):  The monotheistic religion of Islam is similar to Judiasm and Christianity in the way that they both believe in the New and Old Testaments of the Bible.  The Muslims however, do not believe in Jesus in the Son of God but believe that Gabriel, the angel, talked to Muhammed, the prophet and those teaching are complied in the Koran.

 

a.    Muhammad (84)

 

                                                  i.      Important Terms –

1.    Kaaba: a large cube-shaped structure that is sacred to Muslims.

2.    Mecca: a city that is now in Saudi Arabia and the holy city of Islam along with Jerusalem

3.    Muhammad: the prophet to god.

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point –

1.    Muhammad started the religion of Islam based upon the educated Christians and Jews that traveled through Mecca, his birthtown.  Because of this influence, he started preaching and gained a large following, which also angered the wealthy in Mecca.

 

b.    The Hijra (86)

                                                  i.      Important Terms –

1.    Yathrib- page 86

2.    hijra (hejra)- page 86

3.    Muslim Calander- page 86

 

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point –

1.    Muhammad went to Medina at the invitation of some of the religions new converts.  Once there, Muhammad’s revelations changed and transformed Islam into a community and a state where Muhammad became the supreme judge, ruler, and commander in Chief

 

c.    The Growth of the Muslim Community (86)

 

                                                  i.      Important Terms

1.    Battle of Badr (p. 87): Large 300 to 1000 men upset for the Muslims

2.    Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem (p. 87): Muslim holy cities

 

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point –

1.    The Muslims formed an army lead by Muhammad to expand their religion and eventually reached all the way to the Red Sea from Southeastern Asia

 

Palestinian Arabs and Israel.

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2.    ISLAM: THE RELIGION (SUMMARY): Islam is a religion and a total way of life. It has certain beliefs and a system of worship and provides believers  with specific rule for proper conduct . Church and State is not separate as it is in the West.

a.    The Five Pillars of Islam

                                                  i.      Shahada – faith (no god but god, and Muhammad is the messenger of god)

                                                ii.      Salat – Prayer (pray 5 times a day facing Mecca) - ”How to Pray”

                                              iii.      Sawm – fasting  (Ramadan)

                                             iv.           Zakat – charity  (give percentage of income to charity)

                                               v.      Hajj – Pilgrimage  (once in lifetime go to Mecca, reminds propel they are equal under god)

 

b.    Koran

                                                  i.      Important Terms – Koran (90) suras (90) Gabriel (90) al-Fatiha (90) Zayd ibn Thabit (90)

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point – Koran is Islam’s holy book, a collection of Muhammad’s revelations. Believe it is the word of God revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. Written so Muhammad’s teaching would not be forget or incorrectly recalled.


c.    Other Writings

                                                  i.      Important Terms – hadith (91)  authenticated (93) Shari’a (93) Madrassa (93) ulema (93) imam (93) ummah (93)

MOST Important Point – Other non-holy works are used as guideline for the Islamic community. Shiites believe there have only been 12 imams and the 12th was forced into hiding by the Sunnites and will emerge as the messiah

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3.    ISLAM AND THE INDIVIDUAL

a.    Important terms:  Purdah- method of the seclusion of the home (Pg. 94)

b.    Main points-

                                                 i.      Muslims required to follow the Koran

                                               ii.      Muslims are expected to follow the five pillars

                                            iii.      Muslims are supposes to

                                            iv.      Not eat too much

                                               v.      Draw/ sculpt images that might be idol

                                            vi.      Be hospitable

                                          vii.      Koran states that men are suppose to guard the women


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4.    ISLAM AS AN INSTITUTION

 

                                                  i.      Important Terms – (96-99) institution: the organization of people for a common purpose

1.    Caliph: the leader of Islam after the Prophet

2.    Abu Bakr: first caliph

3.    Sunnis- supporters of Mu’awiya

4.    Shiites: supporters of Ali, Mohammed’s cousin

5.    Umayyads: Family of caliphs, based in Damascus

                                                ii.      MOST Important Points –         

1.    Muhammad had left no designated successor and that his mission would end with death. As a result of his death, there was a bitter power struggle which resulted in two branches of the religion.

2.    Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law and the first caliph, prevented breakup of Islamic community after Muhammad’s death.

 

b.    Cities as Religious Centers

                                                  i.      Important Terms –

1.    hajj: Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca

2.    Western wall: last remaining wall from the second temple where Jews go to pray

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point – cities such as Jerusalem and Mecca are places where the world’s oldest and most prominent religions started and flourished

 

c.    Cities as Social Centers

                                                  i.      Important Terms –

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point –  In most ME countries, there is only one large city, the capital, so many people move from rural villages to the city to enjoy the attractions of the city

 

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5.    THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM (Summary):  History of Islam - The Spread Of Islam - Map

 

a.    The Arab Conquests

 

                                                  i.      Important Terms –Tigris-Euphrates valley (p. 100), Strait of Gibraltar (p. 101) Charles Martel (p. 101), Indus River Valley (p. 101), Taurus Mountains (p. 102), Constantinople (p. 102)

 

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point –One of the main features of the rise of Islam was the speed with which the Muslim Arabs conquered vast territories; As far North as Contantinople and the Taurus Mountains, as far South as the tip of the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen), as far West as North Africa and Morocco, and as far East as China and the border of India.

 

b.    Jihad

 

                                                  i.      Important Terms – Jihad (p. 102), Dar al-Harb (p. 102), Dar al-Islam (p. 102), The “Greater Jihad” (p. 102)

 

                                                ii.      MOST Important Point –Muslims had been urged to the fight against non-Muslims, or the Dar al-Harb, and declared this as a jihad or holy war. Jihad against these nonbelievers was sacred.

 

c.    The Abbasids

                                                  i.      Important Terms—Caliph Hisham (p. 102), Abbasids (p. 102), Baghdad (p. 102)

 

MOST Important Point –The direction and leadership of the Islamic empire was moved from the Arabian peninsula to Baghdad. Less than 100 years after Muhammad’s death, the entire ancient Middle East and areas beyond came under Muslim rule.