Directions: Identify subjects, verbs and put [brackets] around the adjective clauses. Rule 4.a Clauses A Clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate and used as part of a sentence. Rule 4. b Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that, like an adjective, modifies a noun or a pronoun.
1. Black holes are stars which puzzle scientists.
2. There was a time when their existence was only a theory.
3. But during the past few decades new discoveries have been made by scientists who have become convinced of the real existence of black holes.
4. A black hole is a star which behaves very mysteriously.
5. It has collapsed to a size which is usually astonishingly small.
6. Therefore, it possesses a density that is astonishingly great.
7. These properties give it powers which are quite peculiar.
8. There are stars which spaceships can pass by easily, and others near which special maneuvering might be required.
9. But the gravity of a black hole would probably capture anyone who entered its field, which is nearly inescapable.
10. Colliding with a black hole would be an accident that could hardly be enjoyable, and that would probably be unforgettable.
11. Our own galaxy contains black holes, according to scientists who attempt to explain various unsolved mysteries by the fact.
12. They are studying reports of meteors which seem to have suddenly vanished from sight.
13. A black hole, which is smaller and denser than anything known, can absorb or capture in orbit whatever material is attracted to it.
14. A scientist who became attracted in this way to a black hole would be a scientist who could not be questioned afterward.
15. The riddle of the existence of black holes, which remains unanswered, is a mystery that may never be fully solved.
Identify the subordinate clauses in the sentences below. Tell what kind of clause it is, adjective or noun. Be prepared to tell what word an adjective modifies and how each noun clause is used in the sentence--as a subject, object of a verb, object of a preposition, or predicate nominative. Rule 4.d Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun.
1. The processes which go on in a clock are interesting to study.
2. Ask someone who knows clocks what makes them tick.
3. Whatever a clockmaker says will be filled with the jargon of the trade of keeping time.
4. On the left is a timepiece that is really a clock, and on the right is what someone wrongly called a clock.
5. Whatever can be properly called a clock always strikes the hours on a bell.
6. What does not strike the hours on a bell should not be called a clock.
7. The history of the words we use is what determines their correct meaning.
8. Whoever knows of the history of the word clock will know how its meaning has changed.
9. Cloche and Glocke are what the French and the Germans say when they mean "bell."
10. Anyone who wants to can call any timepiece a clock, but technically speaking, only whichever ones ring out the time actually deserve the name.
Identify the adverb clauses in the following sentences. Draw a line under the subordinating conjunction that introduces each adverb clause. After each clause, write what the clause tells: how, when, where, why, to what extent, under what conditions.
Rule 4.e Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that, like an adverb, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Rule 4.f Subordinating Conjunctions A conjunction that begins an adverb clause is called a subordinating conjunction. It joins the clause to the rest of the sentence.
1. Because company was coming for dinner, Lola Gomez and her father prepared a special treat of Cuban black beans.
2. After Lola had soaked a pound of black beans overnight, she drained them and covered them with fresh water.
3. Before she lit the stove, she added chopped onion and green pepper, a bay leaf, coriander leaves, oregano, and salt pork to the beans.
4. While the mixture was simmering, Mr. Gomez prepared the sofrito.
5. Whenever a recipe calls for sofrito, you finely chop some onion, green pepper, and garlic.
6. Then you fry these vegetables in a little oil until they are tender.
7. As soon as the sofrito was ready, Mr. Gomez added it to the bean mixture.
8. He then crushed some of the beans against the side of the pot so that the bean mixture would become thicker.
9. When the mixture was thick, Lola put in some vinegar and sugar.
10. Although this dish is usually served with rice, Lola and her father prepared a green salad instead.
Each of the following sentences contains one or more subordinate clauses. Copy the clauses in order on your paper. Before each, write the number of the sentence in which it appears. After each, write what kind it is--adjective, adverb or noun.
1. When you drive a car, you must carry insurance, which pays for any damage or injury that you may inflict on others.
2. Insurance in some places is cheaper than it is in others.
3. How much insurance costs depends on how congested traffic is in the area.
4. An unmarried male who is under twenty-five pays the highest premium because statistics show that he is the worst risk.
5. Drivers who have a record of accidents must also pay a high premium since they have cost their insurance companies a great deal of money.
6. Insurance companies divide accidents into two categories: those that happen because of unforseeable events and those that are made to happen.
7. When a tire blows out while you are driving in heavy traffic, the resulting accident is classed as unforseeable.
8. If a driver passes another car on a turn, the resulting accident is one that was made to happen.
9. What is most alarming about our accidents is that four fifths of them are made to happen.
10. Insurance is costly for all of us because so may drivers make accidents happen.
Directions: Identify all subjects and verbs; bracket all dependent clauses; and identify the classification of each sentence according to the criteria established on pages 65-68 of your text.
Rule 4.g Sentences Classified by Structure Classified by their structure, there are four kinds of sentences: simple (independent clause) compound (two or more independent clauses) complex (one independent clause, at least one subordinate) compound-complex (two independent, at least one subordinate) Rule 4.h Sentences Classified by Purpose Classified according to their purpose, there four kinds of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory.
1. According to the dictionary, the word speliology is formed from a Greek word meaning "cave" and the suffix -logy , meaning "study of' or "science of."
2. Speliology, which, then is the scientific study of caves, is the pursuit of the National Speliological Society, which sponsors exploration of caves.
3. If a scientific explorer of caves is a speliologist, what do we call the many amateurs for whom cave exploration is just an exciting hobby?
4. These people, whose primary interest is adventure, are call spelunkers, and this word is derived from spelunca, the Latin word of cave.
5. Read a book on spelunking and enjoy vicariously some of the excitement of underground exploration.
6. Did you know that the techniques and equipment used by spelunkers are similar to those used by mountain climbers?
7. In limestone ice caves, where water seeps through ceilings and walls, surfaces are glazed and very slippery.
8. How perilous an adventure such a cave offers!
9. In the eight hundred feet of explored passages in Wyoming's fossil Mountain Ice Cave, the temperature is -1° C.
10. Dripping water is transformed into sparkling icicles and columns of ice, and where water drops have splashed and frozen, the floor glitters as if it were covered with diamonds. Return to Grade 9
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